Good citizen Essay

A Good citizen is one who knows his rights and duties as a citizen to maintain his/her rights and perform duties with interest . political rights consist of rights to vote, right to freedom of expression, civil rights are of as vital importance as the political rights. A good citizen defend his political and civil rights very zealously the state help him in the threw of law and justice. Violation of the rights should be punished by the law. good citizen must remember that the right and duties are equal to every one . they must not have bad habits . A citizen free to organize his/ her life as he/she likes. but freedom doesn’t mean a citizen can built a house any where . Even it does not mean the house are build in any way a citizen want. it must be built in a perfect way. A citizen cannot throw a garbage or refuse staff out of house any where he/ she likes to. It allows them to shout or make noise at midnight. if they get right to do it, it denies your neighbor rights to sleep properly. so a citizen must retain some discipline. as a good citizen a person have some responsibilities and duties toward the society. A good citizen must not let the poverty percentage higher and literacy percentage lower . A good citizen must have faith and trust on neighbor or society peoples, they should have care for each other when someone get ill or infected by some other diseases. He /She must not let any talent go to waste . it will be a lost for the society and country as well. A good citizen talk in a very well manner with everyone and respect the law and government officer who tries to maintain the law and order .he/she must always pay tax to the government and does not try to evade tax, as it is a evil crime indeed. He/she must know that his own good is linked with the good of other. A good citizen should never favor the evil works like giving bribe to the government office worker for his/her own private work.

Miscommunications in the Workplace Essay

Recently we have had two of our retailers contact us with problems regarding shipments they have received or have failed to receive. I know this is not the first time this has happened but I would like to minimize the possibilities of it happening again. It seems the root of our problem is miscommunication in the workplace. As a shipping manager that has seen this kind of issue before in past work experiences and I believe I know what we can do to solve our breakdown in communication between the various departments, retailers, and co-workers. As CFO I know you will see this proposal can benefit the company both financially and operationally. First, I propose that the company implement a required form of communication. I believe hand written notes are a thing of the past and that we should upgrade our communication requirements to electronic mail. If we had an e-mail only policy we could have record of all communication on file without the risk of losing a post-it note. E-mail also includes the option of a read receipt, which allows the user to know when the receiver has opened and read the message or if they have not seen the message yet and another form of  communication, such as a phone call, might be required to meet a deadline. The policy might also include that all e-mails must receive a reply no matter how simple the message. I can head a short meeting at the end of the day to cover the implementation of this plan. The idea here is to eliminate hand written notes as well as informal communication such as instant messengers and social network communications. We will need to upgrade a few of the employee’s company cell phones and instruct them on how to use e-mail on these devices. Even though e-mails are good for keeping a history of communications, public relations expert Lisa Elias states, â€Å"When delivering delicate information, pick up the phone. A gentle tone of voice can soften bad news or express warmth and caring, whereas an email or text can easily be misconstrued,† (Kouremetis 2013). Although e-mail can help eliminate the outside forms of communication, another possible resolution would be to implement task management software into the office. This alone may solve the issue. There are many different task management programs available but one that has caught my eye is AtTask, which is used by corporations such as HBO, Samsung, and Adobe. AtTask will allow us to run a free trial of the software prior to purchasing and claims the product will allow us to see what is going on with our projects, if we are on time, and when it will be done (â€Å"Services†, 2012). You will even have access to the task manager to see what is going on in our shipping bay. AtTask even has an integrated communications technology that allows for instant messaging between co-workers and a notes system for the client list. That way, if one person speaks with a client of ours and they request a change to their order he can enter the message in the client’s message folder and we can all receive the notification straight to our smart phones and computers. Even though, task management software will ultimately benefit company wide communication, another area that lacks focus is education on the subject matter of the workplace. A few of these men have worked here for over ten years and they know every part number by memory, but communication technology is outgrowing these few at a rapid pace. On the other end of the  spectrum, these younger men have keen senses of current technological advancements, but they could use some more time in learning the step-by-step processes we face on a daily basis. I propose that we run a workshop meeting once every two weeks for a total of eight weeks to teach the young ones about the process of shipping from us, the supplier, to the consumer/retailer. This workshop could possibly be run during hours if the time comes available, but will most likely need to take place on Saturday from 12:00 p.m. until 2:00 p.m. The instructors will be chosen from 3 of our most experienced workers who will earn overtime from these extra hours. A separate workshop on communication technology for the employees that have been here should happen once a week for an hour, probably on Wednesday evenings after work. The employees will be eligible for overtime with this extra hour on the job. I believe that being educated on the subject matter of the workplace is vital to our success. In addition to knowledge of the workplace being significant, another part of the communication process that has lacked in certain areas is feedback. Feedback is one of the four major communication functions (Belch 2012). It is the key to knowing your communication was successful. We need to emphasize in the training process that it is okay to ask questions. I have seen it happen before where someone is afraid to ask a question for fear of disapproval only to have to go back re-work what has been done. Asking the right questions can help us to do it right the first time (D.I.R.T.Fi.T.). I feel the previously mentioned workshops would be a great time to re-emphasize the importance of asking questions. Also, as mentioned in the first proposal, all e-mails must receive a reply or they will be followed up with a phone call. We must remember that sometimes in order to receive feedback it must be asked for. After explaining a work order or process it is vital to ask, â€Å"Do you understand?† or â€Å"Do you have any questions for me?† Another way of obtaining feedback would be through face-to-face technology. With our smartphones and office computers we can send a more personal message with FTF video conferencing. Google Hangouts are part of the Google suite of applications that support multi-party video chat as well as other Google applications including Sketch-UP, Docs, Spreadsheets, Presentations, and screen sharing and these types of technologies are being recommended as  teaching formats to doctors and professors around the globe (Roseth, 2013). In conclusion, I do believe there is work to be done in regards to the communication process in the workplace. I have proposed four strategies to minimize the possibility of future communication breakdowns. Please do not hesitate to contact me with any questions you may have. You may decide to choose one or to integrate all four, the choice is yours, but I do ask that you please take your time in considering the possibilities and I do trust you will choose what is best for the company. References Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2012). Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 9th Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kouremetis, D. (2013). Choosing Communication Methods Wisely for Your Small Business. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/denakouremetis/2013/01/28/choosing-communication-methods-wisely-for-your-small-business/ Roseth, C. (2013). Blending Synchronous Face-to-face and Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning in a Hybrid Doctoral Seminar. Techtrends: Linking Research & Practice To Improve Learning, 57(3), 54-59. â€Å"Services†. (2012). AtTask software services retrieved from http://www.attask.com/services

Why Does Mozart’s Talents and Lifestyle Cause Salieri to Take Revenge on God

â€Å"Why? †¦ What is my fault? †¦ Until this day I have pursued virtue with rigor. I have labored long hours to relieve my fellow men. I have worked and worked the talent you allowed me. And now I do hear it-and it says only one name: MOZART!. † It has been stated throughout the play Amadeus, by Peter Shaffer that two very unique and different characters both have the love of music. A man name Antonio Salieri and another name Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. However, one individual becomes envious of a man’s genius work, and lifestyle. A person name Antonio Salieri because throughout the play Amadeus, Salieri becomes jealous of Mozart through his achievement of being a musician, superior quality and of course the skills Mozart holds within. From reading the end of the play of Act 1, Mozart’s talents and lifestyle cause Salieri to take revenge on God for many reasons. Throughout the play, one of the reasons why Salieri took revenge on God because of Mozart is the fact that Mozart is a child who was born as a prodigy. He was an individual who was gifted beyond the means of an average child. According to the play, the Venticelli I and II stated that â€Å"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote his first symphony at five. He did his first concert at four and a full opera at fourteen (I. 3. 20-21). † That has a lot to say about Mozart because at that young age he had achieved something great, and as they would say he was born as a gifted individual, a prodigy. Therefore, he felt that there was someone out there that might have been better than or as good as him in Europe. Another reason why Mozart’s talents and lifestyle cause Salieri to take revenge on God is the fact that Mozart had an affair with a pupil of Salieri, her name Katherina Cavalieri. The reason that Salieri became furious himself because he tried to get with Katherina Cavalieri, Salieri quoted â€Å"I was very much in love with Katerina or at least a lust (I. 3. 19)†. However, that didn’t happen because he made a bargain with God. Which clearly states, â€Å"Signore, let me be a composer! Grant me sufficient fame to enjoy it. In return, I will live with virtue. I will strive to better the lot of my fellows. And I will honor you with much music all the days of my life! (I. 2. 16. 17)†. Antonio Salieri became envy of Mozart because he took Katherina Cavelieri into bed. Depicted from the play by Shaffer, Constanze quoted â€Å"He doesn’t drag them into bed! (I. 10. 48)†. This was also another reason why he envied Mozart, hated him and as well later in the play took out his anger on God. Lastly, another reason is when Salieri took the manuscripts from Mozart because it holds greatness. It was the original copy of Mozart’s genius work, quoted â€Å"She said that these were his original scores (I. 12. 57). In addition, it was quoted â€Å"Then suddenly he snatches it, tears the ribbon, and opens the case and stares greedily at the manuscripts within (I. 12. 57). † This was one of the biggest reasons why he envied Mozart as a person because it takes him one try to complete his music and as for himself it takes long hours and days to complete one of his own wo rks, which may or may not be compared to Mozart’s pure genius work. In conclusion, the opening quote of the play is meant for the hatred of Mozart. It states, â€Å"Spiteful, sniggering, conceited, infantine Mozart who has never worked one minute to help another man! I. 12. 59). † The reasons stated in the previous paragraphs were examples of the fact that Salieri envied and hated Mozart, as well as taken it out on God because he feels that he was betrayed by God in way that he didn’t do anything about destroying Mozart who in fact is making Salieri’s, life a bit more frustrating, when in fact he made a bargain with God and did everything he promised, and God does this. Therefore, he Salieri implied â€Å"I’ll tell you about the war I fought with God through his preferred Creature-Mozart, name Amadeus, The creature had to be destroyed (I. 12. 60). †

Acid mine drainage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Acid mine drainage - Essay Example This analysis will help to pin point the source of acid mine, whether it is coming from the spoil heap or mine adit. This information can be used to devise remediation measures in order to reduce the damage on the environment-river pollution. Knowledge of acid mine drainage is not only significant to authorities tasked with environmental protection but also to consultancy agencies in acid mine drainage. Lastly, mining companies need to reduce the damage to the environment by employing technologies for proper treatment of their discharges. Wetlands engineering can reduce the damages of acid mine aquatic plants and animals. It is theorized that building wetlands can mitigate AMD pollution and have lower or no future operations and maintenance costs. Acid mine drainage can be defined as both ground and surface waters of pH is ≠¤ 4.5. The Acid mine drainage is mainly caused by the oxidation reaction of surface waters with pyrite containing rocks or ores. Sulphate is found almost everywhere on this earth even in natural fresh waters (Drever, 1997). It is usually the second or third most abundant anion in rainwater, where it is derived both from natural aquatic sources and from atmospheric pollution - the sulphur component of â€Å"acid rain† as a result of fossil fuel combustion. Apart from human activities, pyrite oxidation also produces acidity, enhancing other weathering reactions. Such as, production of waters with very low pH and high sulphate concentration as a result of buffering the PH. Sulphate available comes from many anthropogenic sources: they can be coming from farms and agricultural sources. Sulphate fertilizes could be chief source of such contaminants. Sometimes they can come from other cleaning agents agents; and industrial point emissions of sulphuric acid utilised in manufacturing. Understanding the geochemical

Lean Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lean Operations - Essay Example This is because if quality was indeed free, it would be offered freely and be presented to customers and consumers at no extra cost. Indeed, there is no doubt that one reason why most companies and businesses have failed in their quest to deliver quality is due to the approaches they use in ensuring and delivering these quality assurance. Because of the use of wrong approaches also, several companies, businesses and institutional operatives have not been able to give the true account of the cost of quality they are supposed to deliver. Due to this, they have continued to live on the good old notion that the more quality manufacturing and service would become, the more costly production and labor could be. The present paper is therefore being written as a critical analysis of the topic of cost of quality by using the phenomenon of lean production or lean manufacturing to proof that quality does not always have to lead to increased cost of production and labor. The analysis shall be un dertaken from the perspective from quality costing in regards to Philip B. Crosby. The essence of cost of quality When Crosby (1979) speaks of the cost of quality, he is referring to something more technical than what could easily come to mind for the literal meaning of ‘cost of quality’. ... This is why these costs are also known as the "hidden factory" (Dahlgaard et al., 1999 as cited in Krishnan, 2006). This view is in direct relation to what is put forth by Crosby as the refusal to adhere to quality would actually take away from the company or business the percentage that quality is expected to add up to the overall turnover. As this cost is deducted from the general turnover, what happens is that the company records lowered rates of income and that difference becomes the actual cost of quality. The essence and cost of quality actually has to do with the cost that business operatives pay for refusing to stick to quality standards. Achieving quality with lean operation Quality could be costly in a number of ways. For example refusing to adhere to quality at the initial stages would demand that work is redone and this will certainly increase cost of quality. All the following instances are known to bring about increases in cost of quality and they include â€Å"the rew orking of a manufactured item, the retesting of an assembly, the rebuilding of a tool, the correction of a bank statement, the reworking of a service, such as the reprocessing of a loan operation or the replacement of a food order in a restaurant† (ASQ, 2012). Invariably, it is always a good idea to reduce the cost of quality. But how should this take place done successfully? The use of lean production has been said to be an effective means of achieving quality and thus reducing the cost of quality (COQ). Plant Services (2013) notes that â€Å"'lean' is defined as the elimination of waste and things that do not add value as defined by the customer.† This means that lean operation â€Å"is based on finding efficiencies and removing

The dissapointment by behn's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The dissapointment by behn's - Essay Example The writer had approached the 17th century contemporary literary as well as socio-political aspects that were predominant in the restoration world of art and literature. Behn’s treatment of the 17th century discourse of sexuality and morality In the poem Behn took up the topic of the battle of the sexes that was one of the most prevalent topics in restoration literature. Her poem began with the typical act of the male pursuing the female in the game of love. She apparently glorified masculine strength over feminine coyness as the power that initiated the act of love. By describing Lysander as one who made sexual advances to a lady because he was â€Å"By an impatient passion swayed† (I.1), Behn not only pointed out the vain male ego but the crudity of the situation. As a contrast to Lysander’s rakish character Behn created Cloris as the conventional figure of ‘virgin innocence’ who was apparently trying to ward off his charms. But her resistance to L ysander’s approaches as she â€Å"Permits his force, yet gently strove† (II.14) indicated Cloris’ indulgence.

Should Philosophers care about the history of philosophy Essay

Should Philosophers care about the history of philosophy - Essay Example Philosophers should have a considerable link to the history of philosophy as cited by many theorists and thinkers. Many philosophical concepts used today have their origin in philosophical history and they are just an evolved form of the ideas generated in the past. As a matter of fact, to give a an extensive interpretation of predecessors is quite common in the philosophical world where Hegel, Heidegger and Nietzsche are often quoted as to give a contemporary philosophical thought by reviewing the history (Sorell & Rogers, pp. 1). However, philosophers in the English-Speaking part of the world do not care about its history since; their type of philosophy is more of an analytical nature, which is required to be concise and relevant to the era in which people are living. The history of philosophy plays a significant role in giving an introduction and a deep knowledge of the subject to the aspiring students of today’s world. It is important for initial philosophers to have a tho rough understanding of the basis of the subject upon which they would base their further assumptions and concepts for the field to grow. Moreover, it is only through the knowledge of the history of philosophy that the philosophers would come to realize, which concepts and ideas were flawed and rejected like that of Descartes (Sorell & Rogers, pp. 2) so that they may look out for their new dimensions and correct them to widen the scope. History of any kind pertaining to any subject is an important aspect to retain if growth is one of the objectives. Considering philosophy, we know well that there have been quite well known philosophers in the history of humankind who have made tremendous efforts in analyzing different philosophical problems and searching for their solutions in a logical manner. It would be merely a waste of time, money and resources if contemporary philosophers involve themselves in the same process in case they do not give any heed to the subject’s history. N evertheless, philosophy is one of the subjects whose concepts and ideas always have a hook. They are grown with related links and this way, subsequently, the field advances (Sorell & Rogers, pp. 4-5). Every other point always has a relevance to something of the pas that helps in giving an advanced cognition for the contemporary philosophers and a chance to learn from their predecessors who might be dead but whose extensive researches are always present for them to learn and make progress. It is often said that the philosophers who fail to understand the past accounts and happenings in the related field, subsequently, fail to hold a firm grasp over following assumptions and thus end up with bas results (Sorell & Rogers, pp. 38). A philosopher can, certainly, not do philosophy without a perspective or without a standpoint. This standpoint or direction is given merely by having a thorough review of the past philosophers and their immense work done in this regards. The subject divided a multiple dimensional approach by the doer and a well-done background analysis to proceed (Makumba, pp-11). In many cases, there has to be an inspiration which drives a philosopher to make further detailed analysis and take the object forward. This inspiration is the result of the philosophers’ research and review of the historical literature and the earlier philosophers. Additionally, in philosophy there are reservation of thoughts and ideas held by the people against or in favour of any theory or assumption put forward. These reservations are further carried by generations and generations in the same manner without actually referring to the actually happening. While, in philosophy, the contemporary philosophers should have a proper understanding of the past ideas and concepts and should hold their own judgement without any biases carried for generations. Only on the basis of first-hand knowledge of the historical accounts of ideas and concepts can the philosopher base a str ong and authentic argument to

Medical futility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medical futility - Research Paper Example It is in this regard that one hereby presents personal beliefs on the subject of medical futility, especially in end-of-life decisions pertinent to patient care. As required, one is hereby presenting the platform to discuss personal beliefs and to be aptly supported with professional references. Personal Beliefs on End-of Life Decisions and Medical Futility It is my belief that patients near the end of life should be able to die peacefully and comfortably and not to receive aggressive "futile" treatment. In health care, medical futility is actually defined as â€Å"the proposed therapy should not be performed because available data show that it will not improve the patient's medical condition† (Bernat, 2005, p. 198). Some studies have asserted that defining when treatment is medically futile remains to be controversial and challenging. As described by McCabe and Storm, disparities in medical associations’ definition of the term seem to add fuel to the controversy, to wi t: â€Å"The American Medical Association (AMA) guidelines describe medically futile treatments as those having â€Å"no reasonable chance of benefiting [the] patient† (American Medical Association, n.d.) but fall short of defining what the word â€Å"reasonable† means in this context. ... 1). The same article contended that there have been several instances when patients and doctors disagree regarding medical futility; especially in end-of-life decisions (McCabe & Storm, 2008). There was a prescribed resolution process that was explicitly noted from AMA. Despite the clear standards and conditions, some patients still allegedly assert that no instance of medical futility could prevent them from instituting continued care until the last breath of their loved ones. As a health care practitioner, one could actually see the rationality of disparities in viewpoints between medical practitioners, especially doctors, and those of the patients and their relatives. End-of-life decisions are almost always difficult to make, especially in cases where there is the recommended need to stop medications, interventions, or the delivery of care due to reasons defined as medically futile. Doctors are merely being professional and their academic background and expertise have contributed to the prescribed decisions to categorize cases as medically futile, if and when necessary. On the contrary, patients and their relatives are attached with strong bonds of love and affection that make it extremely difficult to sever. Depending on cultural or religious practices, traditions, and beliefs, most patients and their relatives belief that it is up to the Supreme Power or Divine Intervention to decide when is the appropriate time to elevant end-of-life matters to fate. One’s personal stance, therefore, is to balance the pros and cons of any decision that involves medically futile treatments, as defined; and the alternative of opting to lengthen

Research, Writing, and Rhetoric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

, Writing, and Rhetoric - Research Paper Example An experiment conducted by Stanley Migram proved the notion that what is considered ordinary, normal, stable, and decent people who got considered as non-violent or non-radical in their behavior could and did certain irrational actions under certain conditions (Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 1172). This experiment proved that situation over individual traits had more of a determining factor on human action. The experiment got designed to test if people were more submissive to obedience as a result of an authoritative power. The experiment demonstrated the dangers of obedience. It determined that situational variables provide a stronger sway on determining obedience than personality factors. Milgram showed that honest, decent and rational people could commit atrocities when caused to do so by an authoritative power. Well behaved people could not refrain from committing atrocities because of the situation or role they got asked to perform by a higher authority. Experiments conducted by Solomon Asch also showed that situations have more influence on human behavior than character or personality (Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 1172). Asch showed that a majority of people want to fit in than they desire to do the right thing. Asch through his experiments showed that people would do the wrong thing even if it means that they get hurt. People are afraid to undertake personal decisions and are quick to lay blame on circumstances rather than their personal flaws when things go wrong. Asch’s experiments show how an individual’s opinions get influenced by the decisions of a majority. His experiments demonstrated the power of social pressure. When people believe that the majority is right and they do not want to be seen as opposing to them, they are likely to agree with their decisions even if they are wrong. Here, the person overlooks his or her personal traits to appease the views of a majority even if they are wrong. Asch’s tests we re a further

Lavinia froze silently in awe Essay Example for Free

Lavinia froze silently in awe Essay She put her hand out to the light switch and stopped. What? she asked. What? What? Behind her, in the black living room, someone cleared his throat. Hello? she asked anxiously. Still, no answer. She stared apprehensively around the pitch dark room, curiously, as to what the source of this mysterious sound was. It suddenly became all too familiar with her. Oh my God, she thought, the Lonely One? As she examined the kitchen with her eyes, wide as the ravine which lay outside her house, she began to think irrational thoughts. Thoughts which could only lead her to worse ones. She stood still as her eyes continued to scan the room, not moving a single inch from where she was. There was a piercing silence which filled the air. You could hear a pin drop. Officer Kennedy? she tried to reassure herself that someone she could trust was in her house. She began to tremble as she reluctantly took her first few steps towards the centre darkness of the kitchen, like a baby learning how to walk. She could smell the soup shed made earlier on that day. How she longed to go back just a few hours. She continuously looked around hoping she would find nothing. Just as her uneasiness began to settle, a distant figure appeared through the dark, walking eagerly, but gradually towards Lavinia. Lavinia froze silently in awe. As this body continued moving closer, it became obvious that they were limping on one foot, as to say they had caught on something. Lavinia could smell the putrid waft of the ravine almost suffocating her. Still she stood still, with her hairs on the back of her neck standing up as if wanting to escape from her body. Goose pimples began to appear all over her temporarily immobile body. She opened her mouth as to speak, frightened at the same time. What, what, who are you? she babbled, her words only just managing to escape from her cold-blue lips. The person stopped and looked up, to what seemed the darkest room in the world. Why dont you turn the light on Lavinia he said, with a raspy voice. Lavinia couldnt believe her eyes. You! she shouted furious as a bull seeing red. Yes Lavinia, me, he said slowly uttering the words. What are you doing here?! How did you get in?! Lavinia shouted, stunned. I followed you he said staring Lavinia up and down with his eyes red as flames. I watched you walk through the ravine. Why?! I dont understand. Just leave. Get out! Lavinia shouted, as her annoyance and shock replaced her fear. No Lavinia. I came here to see you. Im not leaving. He stepped closer with a mild grin, looking at Lavinia deeply into her eyes. His hand crept up slowly, approaching Lavinias hip. He places his hand there, clutching it. Im not leaving. Lavinia jumped, and pushed his rough hands of her hips, disgusted and extremely annoyed. I said get out! Dont you dare touch me! I mean it! Get out otherwise Ill scream Lavinia said furious. No I told you already beautiful! Im not going anywhere. Im staying here with you. You can scream all you want, he said calmly and slowly, still carrying the same smile. This time, he lifted his hand and latched onto Lavinias hair, and began stroking it, twirling the ends with his rough as sand paper hands. Lavinia became full with fury and pushed his hand away, gathering all of the saliva she could in her mouth in an instant of a second and spat in his face. His concentrated smile turned into a furious face. He pulled his right hand towards him as he wiped his face with the end of his left black and grey stripy gauze shirt sleeve. He looked up at Lavinia who looked scared as hell, looking like she wanted to run away. He gathered all of the strength a man could and released the most powerful blow to her pretty face with the back of his rusted hand. Lavinia immediately fell to the ground slamming her side on the kitchen floor tiles. She began to bleed from her ear, as her silky black hair became covered in it, drowning in the wine-coloured substance. Her eyes were half open, half closed and she began mumbling words like a drunk man talking. who, w huh where? I where? He stood in front of her looking at her bleeding to death, grinning uncontrollably. Lavinia? Can you hear me my darling? Silence. Oh well. You shouldnt have done that should you? Lavinia lay on the cold floor as she looked at him, continuing to bleed. She could just about manage to put up an angry face as she screwed her eyebrows inwards. The whole floor by now was covered in her blood. Her eyes however continued to flicker life. She carried on mumbling her words. You y, I, I cant. Why. He kneeled down on the floor as he bent over to kiss her bloody cheek. Lavinia couldnt react as she lay frozen on the floor. He got up and walked towards the main door leading out to the ravine. Lavinia.

An overview of World Englishes

An overview of World Englishes 1.1 English as an international language Among thousand languages in the world, English has become an International English since it is a multinational, multicultural and multifunctional language. The term, English as an international language (EIL) can be shortened as International English, highlights the international use of English rather than wrongly suggesting that there is one clearly distinguishable, unitary variety called `International English. Mckay (2002: 132) in her book entitled Teaching English as an International language makes use of the shorthand term and gives a definition like this: International English is used by native speakers of English and bilingual users of English for cross-cultural communication. International English can be used both in a local sense between speakers of diverse cultures and languages within one country and in a global sense between speakers from different countries. From her statements, we can see that the uses of English internationally include speakers of English as native lan guage (ENL)/English as mother tongue in all its dialects, as well as speakers of New Englishes/World Englishes/indigenized/nativized varieties. Chosen as the preferred potion for cross-cultural communication, it can be referred to as EIL. Besides, some other terms can be used more or less interchangeably with EIL, such as English as a lingua franca, English as a global language, English as a world language, and English as a medium of intercultural communication. In fact, the dramatic development of modern science and technology, the coming age of information superhighway, and the shrinking of the world into a global village are all accelerating international exchanges and intercultural communications and, for that matter, the wider spread of English. Recently, another term for EIL has been introduced: World English (Brutt-Griffler, 2002:110). She provides a carefully researched and well-argued basis for acknowledging the active role of EIL users as agents in its spread and in its linguistic development: they are not just at the receiving end, but contribute to the shaping of the language and the functions it fulfils. This is a perspective with considerable implications for English education all over the world. 1.1.1 An overview of World Englishes There are several researches of varieties of world English, two famous scholars Quirk and Krachu are worth mentioning. Quirk divides the varieties of English into three kinds: English as native language (ENL); English as second language (ESL); English as foreign language (EFL). He maintains that all the varieties of world English should base on the established rules of British English or American English. He is the typical representative who suggests the only criterion for the varieties of English in the world. However, with the fast development of the society, with the quick trend of internationalization of English, it is neither possible nor practical to hold on the sole criterion for different kinds of English all over the world. Being a very popular pioneer of the theories for the internationalization of English, a promoter insisting on the pluralistic criterions of English and a variationist, Krachu put forward the notion of World Englishes in 1970s. And in 1985 he proposed the three concentric circles to view the varieties of English that are similar to Quirks division. The inner circle refers to the traditional culture and linguistic bases of English. It includes the USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The outer or extended circle represents the institutionalized non-native varieties. It involves the earlier periods of the spread of English in non-native settings, where English has become part of a countrys institutions, and plays an important `Second Language role in a multilingual setting. The countries are Singapore, India, Malawi, and more than fifty other regions in the world. The expanding circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the language are used essentially in EFL contexts, as in China, Japan, Greece, Iran, etc. China English belongs to this circle. There are some seventy-five territories in which English has held or continues to hold a special place, as a member of either the inner or outer circles (Cry stal, 2001: 53). Crystal (2001: 54) gives the following estimates for the speakers of English in terms of Kachrus (1985, 1992) `concentric circles: the inner circle, first language, 320-380 million; the outer circle, additional/second language, 150-300 million; the expanding circle, foreign language, 100-1000 million. Kachru (1996: 241) himself maintains There are now at least four non-native speakers of English for every native speaker. McArthur (1992: 355) has a more conservative estimate, namely a 2-to-1 ratio of non-natives to natives. And to cite a voice from what Kachru calls the expanding circle, the German author Gnutzmann (2000: 357) adds another way of looking at this: It has been estimated that about 80% of verbal exchanges in which English is used as second or foreign language do not involve native speakers of English. The statistics show us its power and effect in cross-cultural, cross-lingual communications during the worldwide development of English. Besides the researches done by the above mentioned scholars, many other linguists also have done the similar researches about the internationalization of English, such as Smith (1983), Platt (1985), Stevens (1992), Graddol (1997) and so on. The common marked trait of their researches is that they all go against linguistic chauvinism. On the whole, World English is the product of the development of a world market and global developments in the fields of science, technology, culture and the media; World English is learned by people at various levels of society, not just by the socio-economic elite; World English tends to establish itself alongside local languages rather than replacing them, and so contributes to multilingualism rather than jeopardize it; World English spreads due to the fact that many people learn it rather than by speakers of English migrating to others; thus two processes happen concurrently: new varieties are created and unity in the world language is maintained. With the vast spread and quick speedy internationalization of the English language, it will lead to nativization of English in different parts of the world. 1.1.2 Nativization of English and English es in Asia A non-native English situation is basically an innovative situation involving certain well-known processes of nativization (Bamgbose, 1998: 1). English has become international in character, it cannot be bound to any culture. That is, any culture can use English as its vehicle of communication (Smith, 1983: 9). Kachru (1982: 5) has pointed out once English was adopted in a region, whether for science, technology, literature, prestige, elitism, or `modernization, it went through a reincarnation process, which is unique to another culture. Native English, unable to adequately express what is unique to another culture, should be reincarnated, changed or varied in order to fit the given culture. Such variation or reincarnation of language is called nativization, indigenization or hybridization (Kachru, 1981; Moag Moag, 1977; Whinnom, 1971). Development of English in most parts of Asia was due to contact with native English-speakers through colonialism. Many Asian countries of the outer circle and the expanding circle were former colonies or semi-colonies of countries of the Inner circle, typically USA, UK and Canada, etc. The English language was first introduced to these Asian countries, like India, Singapore, and Pakistan, as the medium of instruction in a western system of education, and was adopted as the official language by some governments for easy communication between the rulers and the ruled. The introduction of the English language may have three purposes: religious purpose, commercial purpose, and political purpose. However, it is certain that the colonists arm has not always been decisive for spread and development of English in Asia. There are some other reasons. English has often been learned because of the status it may confer on the readers and speakers, because it opens doors in modern science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and intercultural communication. In Japan, a country under little colonial influence of an English-speaking power, even though English continues to be a performance variety, it has penetrated deep into the Japanese language and culture. In its localized form, English has acquired a stable status in Japanese culture. Once English was adopted in any region of Asia, whether because of colonialism, or for science, technology, literature, prestige, or modernization, it went through various changes and adaptations, which were partly linguistic and partly cultural. The changes were essentially caused by the new bilingual or multilingual settings, as well as new cultural contexts in which English has to function. Such linguistic and cultural changes are especially well established in the regions where it has been used as an international language, in addition to serving intranational purpose, which is the case of Singapore, India, etc. Establishment of a non-native variety of English in any new culture is well illustrated for its linguistically deviation from standard native English varieties. It usually distinguishes itself from other non-native or native English varieties in terms of phonology, vocabulary, grammar, syntax, semantics, or discourse. The most conspicuous is the vocabulary, because nativi zed English varieties have to include some borrowed words from local languages in order to express some unique phenomena and ideas of local culture that is quite different from that of other cultures. This is also the case of China English. At present, most of the evidences for the recognition of China English are mainly from some of its distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture. Besides the above countries mentioned, English is playing its international and intranational roles in many other Asian countries, as well as in other parts of the world. The fact shows that English varieties developed in Asia are either performance varieties in the expanding circle or institutionalized varieties in the outer circle. Performance varieties include those that are used as foreign language, such as in Japan, China, Indonesia and so on. They have a highly restricted functional range in specific contexts, for example, those of tourism, commerce, and other transactions. Institutionalized varieties are those used as the second language, such as in Singapore, Malaysia, India, and so on. These varieties have a more extended range of uses, registers and style range in the social context of a nation. According to Kachru (1992), The main characteristics of an institutionalized variety are the following: the length of time in use; the extension of use; the emotional attachment of second language users with the variety; functional importance and sociolinguistic status. Under the circumstance of institutionalized varieties, English is not only used i n the domains of government administration, law, military, education, commerce, media religion, etc., but also in the more private domains of family and friendship. From 1990s, the wide and fast spread of English in Asia has aroused the interest of many English scholars worldwide. In the early 1990s, Japan established an organization called the Japanese Association for Asian Englishes. And in 1999, the association published a magazine named Asian Englishes, which is committed to the study of varieties of English in Asia. A lot of well-known linguists like Kachru (1999), Smith (1999), Kirkpatrick (2000), and McArthur (2002) all published articles entitled English as an Asian Language. They all have acknowledged the common features of Asian Englishes, which decide that different varieties of English in Asia belong to the family of World Englishes from the perspective of functional nativeness. In recent years, among western academic circle, there has been a distinct change in attitudes towards English varieties (either institutionalized or performance varieties) developed in Asia, as well as in other parts of the world. Currently most institutional ized varieties have been gradually accepted by native English speakers. However, the development and nativization of institutionalized varieties has been traditionally unacceptable to majority of native English speakers. These varieties have once been considered deficient models of language acquisition. This attitude has not only been restricted to speech performance, but extends to lexical and collocational items that are determined by the new social and cultural context. But, this kind of negative attitude began to change step by step with the growth of linguistic tolerance after the Second World War. A survey (Chen Linhan/ ,# X, 1996: 46) on remarks from native English speakers on China Daily and Beijing Review shows that even in such important English newspaper and magazine there are some misuse of article or prepositions. Nevertheless, all the interviewees have acknowledged the existence of China English. 1.1.3 China English in EIL context English in China, when used as a vehicle of Chinese culture, will also be nativized or sinicized linguistically and culturally. China English was first presented by Ge Chuangui(- ,1 I) in 1980. He used the term to refer to the distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture in Chinese-English translation, but he did not suggest China English as a variety of English. Since then, this term has aroused great interest of many scholars in China. Wang Rongpei 1991: 1-8) in his paper entitled China English an objective English variety points out, provided that English is widely used in a non-native area with certain characteristic of indigenization, whatever its function might be, it can be regarded as an English variety. There are no reasons to deny the fact that China English is an objective language phenomenon in China. Since then, China English has been popular among scholars home and abroad. Chinese speakers or learners appropriate communication in English has become one of the more heated topics for all the Chinese scholars of English teaching, translation, linguistics and cross-cultural communication. On the whole, the popularity of English has pushed forward the nativization of English in China. With the open-up and reform policies, more and more foreign people and different institutions flood into China, and more English expressions that are typically 2.3.1 Pidgin English and China English A Pidgin is a lingua franca that arises in order to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, e.g. in trade or plantation situations (William, 1992: 224). Although it is no ones native language, a pidgin usually involves mixture or compromise between the native languages of its users; in comparison with these, it is restricted in social role, and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources. Pidgins flourish in areas of economic development all over the world, and Pidgins are based on English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. Actually, Pidgin English in China originated from Pidgin Portuguese that is a hybrid language with the combination of Portuguese, English, Hindi, Malay and Chinese Cantonese. Evidences in the history show that the Portuguese were the earliest Westerners who came to China to undertake the cause of colonial expansion and activities after the establishment of the new route in the 16`h century. When they first arrived in Macau, they found it was very difficult to communicate with the local people, and the local people, who were eager to find ways of livelihood during the contact with the Portuguese and other western people, also felt hard to exchange ideas with them. Both needed a shared language as a tool for communication to open up new prospects. Gradually Canto-Portugue s (j~,*I-, j iq ) came into being, which was a business term in commercial exchan ge between China and Portugal. It was a language used by the Portuguese traders and the local businessmen. Later the language became very mature with abundant vocabulary, stable speech sound, morphology and syntax, which had been used by the local people for 300 years. It did not disappear until 19`x century when the English colonists came to South China to extend trade. With the increase of trade volume of Britain in China, a new Pidgin, Canton English, emerged as the times demanded. Many English words gradually replaced those Portuguese words. Pidgin Portuguese had a great effect on late Canton English, now known technically as Chinese Pidgin English or China Coast Pidgin. Chinese Pidgin English was greatly influenced by the earlier Cantonese Pidgin Portuguese. But little has been known about how Canton English was reborn from Pidgin Portuguese. Anyhow, it developed into a lingua franca of the Pacific that influenced the Pidgins of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Queensland, and elsewhere. With regard to its origin, the linguist Chin Chuancheng notes: The Chinese held the British, like all foreign devils, in low esteem, and would not stoop to learn the foreign tongue in its full form. The British, on the other hand, regarded the heathen Chinese as beyond any possibility of learning, and so began to modify their own language for the natives `benefit (Chinese Varieties of English, in B. Kachru (ed.), the Other Tongue, 1982). Pidgin English with typical Cantonese grammatical structures spread rapidly when the Treaty Ports were established in China in 1843, but declined towards the end of the l9`h century as Standard English began to be sys tematically taught in schools and universities. Before liberation, there was Shanghai Pidgin English too. Pidgin English is now extinct in the Peoples Republic of China and marginal in Hong Kong. In fact, Chinese Pidgin English that had been demoted by people was the earliest embryo of China English. People always consider Pidgin English as a term with derogatory sense. But it was the initial stage when we Chinese people began to get in touch with English in the specific historical times. What Pidgin English reflected was how Chinese people learned English at the initial and the most superficial stage. With the development of the society, it has been discarded. However, the traces left over by history can never be removed, and they will influence our behaviors, thoughts and attitudes unconsciously. So, facing the phenomenon of China English, we should not have the attitudes of evasion towards Chinese Pidgin English. Both Pidgin English and China English are the combined result of English with China, which are with typical Chinese language models and thought patterns to different degrees. But they cant be equated and regarded as the same thing. Du Zhengming (* 1998: 6) notes: To Chinese people, Pidgin English was an imposed English, which was the product of colonial expansion. So, they had no motives or conditions to learn Standard English, they just imposed Chinese speech sound, vocabulary and grammar into English, thus became a mixed language. However, China English is a formally learned language. People learn and master it actively and systematically through formal education at schools and universities. They cant treat it entirely as they please. Pidgin English was a language by putting English, the so-called super-state language, together with Chinese, the so-called sub-state one. It was neither English nor Chinese. It reflected the inequality in culture and society. But there are no such com positions as the so-called super-state and sub-state in China English. It is English with typical Chinese social and cultural characteristics. 2.3.2 China English and Chinglish As discussed earlier, China English is used to refer to special things of China and it exists objectively and contains three implications: China English is used only by Chinese people in China; China English takes normative English as its nucleus English; it has its own characteristics. But the first implication doesnt correspond to practice, because some words are used not only by Chinese people but also by western people. The difference between China English and Chinglish lies in the communicative effect depending on the recognition of Normative English speakers. So, Chinglish can be converted into China English, like long time no see. Many teachers and scholars home and abroad have noticed this language phenomenon and studies of Chinglish are scattered in books or articles in the field of English teaching and learning. Nevertheless, due to the unsystematic and unsteady nature of Chinglish, people do not always resonate a clear and unanimous voice on what Chinglish is and hereby present diverse and incomplete definitions from different angles in light with their own understanding. Pinkham (2000: 1-) defines it is a hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as `English with Chinese characteristics; Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing ()l Vl)i1f7 1989) views it as speech or writing that shows the interference of the influence of Chinese; Li Wenzhong ( 1993: 18) considers it as abnormal of deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules. The above-cited definitions indicate that Chinglish is mainly caused by language learners mother tongue interference; it is caused not only by linguistic interference, but more importantly, by the interference of the language learners home culture and the thought patterns peculiar to the home culture. Whether there is a clear-cut distinction between China English and Chinglish or Chinese English is a heated debate, because people think the term Chinglish is derogatory. Actually, Chinese English and China English are at different points on the same continuum of interlanguage between Chinese and Standard English in the Chinese context, at different stages of acquisition or proficiency level. Due to insufficient acquisition or proficiency level, some of the English-using Chinese often make errors in grammar. These errors do not have an underlying sociolinguistic explanation, and English inflicted with such errors can hardly be recognized as the educated form of English, or teaching mode l in China. The violation of cultural norms may be common, however those grammatical errors are more or less related with the inadequate acquisition and insufficient proficiency of Chinglish. In chapter four, we are going to discuss this problem in detail according to the relevant theories of SLA TEFL. 3.2.1 Lexical level At the lexical level, Kachru (1982) has pointed out that a part of the lexicon is nativized in two ways. On one hand, native items are used in localized registers and styles in order to contextualize the language. On the other hand, English lexical items may acquire extended or restricted semantic markers. During the process of the nativization of English in China, the former is called cultural words, the latter, semantic shift. There is a great difference between Chinese and English culture, many a time we cant find equivalent English expressions to convey peculiar things in Chinese culture. Under this situation, people will employ different translation strategies, such as domesticating and foreignizing translations, literal and free translations, to interpret Chinese words of material and spiritual cultures into English. Domesticating translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign te xt for target language readers, while foreignizing translation designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. Words and phrases in China English are the main manifestations of the nativization of English in China. They get into English through the following ways. (i) Transliteration Many Pinyin words have directly entered English because of linguistic relativity and intranslatability of the applied language. Transliterated expressions in Pinyin can be considered a most conspicuous feature of China English with the technique of literal translation and the strategies of foreignizing translation. Chinese personal and geographical names and even some other China-unique facts can be romanized in Chinese Pinyin either in completeness (e.g. Wen Jiabao; Shanghai) or in part (e.g. Maotai Liquor). Actually, transliterated words from Chinese into English originated in the early 19`h century. At that time, lots of Chinese personal names and geographical names were translated into English according to the phonetic system called Wade System, a system of Romanization of Chinese, widely used in representing Chinese words and names in English, esp. before the adoption of Pinyin. It is also called Wade-Giles with some characteristics of English spelling, but it didnt stick to the principles of English spelling fully. And in the early times there were some transliterations from Guangdong dialects and Southern Fujian dialects, such as tea (*); chow mei (r); ); won ton (t; Bohea (RA*t,) ; cheongsam (1> 4) and so on. A system using the Latin alphabet, called Pinyin, has been developed in China since 1950s, and it is now in common use. Pinyin is the official standard for transliteration of Chinese language in the Peoples Republic of China now. It has been widely used by the international c ommunities and foreign countries since the International Standardization Organization passed IS07098: Documentation Service A System for Romanizing Chinese Characters into the Roman Alphabet in 1982. So, we can see transliteration in China English keeps on developing and advancing with the passing of time. Now lets compare the following different transliterated words: In the Wade Giles system In the Pinyin system, Mei-kuo Meiguo, Chung-kuo Zhongguo, Pei-tai-he Beidaihe, Mao Tse Tung Mao Zedong, Peking Beijing, Chonghwa Zhonghua, Tsinghwa Qinghua, Taipei Taibei With the fast increasing of publicity and exchange with the outside world, China has been greatly affecting the world in many different fields, like politics, economy, culture, education, science and daily life. In this case, more and more Chinese words expressing peculiar things in Chinese culture have been translated into English through transliteration and have become loanwords of English. They greatly enrich English vocabulary. Lets look at some vocabulary in China English. China English words transliterated under specific historical and cultural background: Confucius (L); Lao-tzu (Z-T); Tao Te Ching (((,t,));Yamen (Tf1); Xiucai (A.A); Yin (M); Yang(1IF9); qipao (h4); doufu (J); litchi (k); wushu (A*); quyi(1); gongfu ()i), etc. Some Chinese brand names entering China English through transliteration: Many of them are Pinyin words, but some of them are translated by using English words similar in pronunciation with Chinese words. For example, Tun Huang (WI), Da FU Gui (111-ft), E Mei(), Chang Hong(Kt), Maxam (-X.)3116.), Hisense (I;Haier (CI:), Stone ma), Lucky (ff:01,), Star (it), Rising (AW.), Transit (lifiY,) and so on, to name but a few. The above examples show that the transliterated China English words possess different traits in different periods. They reveal the significance and vitality of transliteration in the development of China English vocabulary. Nevertheless, there exists a great difference between Chinese and English, their pronunciation and spelling are quite different from each other. If we simply replace English words with Chinese Pinyin words, it will cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. So while transliterating Chinese words and expressions into English, we should pay attention to translatability, readability and understandability. (ii) Loan translations When there are no transliterated borrowings, or hybridization, loan translations will be adopted. Many Chinese words and expressions have been translated into English by borrowing English words and phrases directly. There are three forms of loan translations. They are compound words, clipped words, and phrases (Zhou Feng, 1987: 111-125). The essence of their ideas can be summed up as follows: One form of loan translations is compound words. Some examples of this type are loan +English, like Canton ginger (Canton is a transliteration, and ginger is a native word); teacup (from Chinese word chabei); teahouse (from Chinese word chaguan), etc. Other examples of this kind of loan translation are the English calque, like beancurd (from Chinese compound word doufu; dou=bean or soy, fu curd); red bean (from Chinese compound word chidou; chi red, dou=bean), etc. The second form of loan translations is some special clipped word that is formed according to the pattern: a number + Chinese character (word translated into English literally). For example, sishuwujing=Four Books, Five Classics ( Sishu refers to four classic Chinese books, namely: The Great Learning (da xue); The Doctrine of the Mean(zhong yong); The Analects of Confucius gun yu) and Mencius(meng Wiijing stands for The Book of Songs (shi jing); The Book of History (shujing); The Book of Changes (yijing); The Book of Rites (li ji) and The Spring and Autumn Annals (chun qiu). Besides Four Books and Five Classics, it also includes Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Virtues, the Theory of Five Elements and so on. The third form of loan translations refers to English phrases translated from Chinese phrases literally. All these English phrases possess the peculiar characteristics of Chinese culture that cant be found in English culture. They manifest the different features of Chinese culture and things during the development of history and society. For example, things originating from the culture of Buddhism, philosophy and Chinese ancient literature: Taoism (i); Buddhism (T9 1); The Analects ( ((itiih )) ); The book of Changes ( ((1)) ) and so on. Loan translations in specific historical and cultural developing periods of China: red guard (iEJ L); one big pot (ik i^WX); ideological remoulding ( LRR CiA); paper tiger (J);); four modernizations (lThi`(tf- ); spiritual civilization material civilization (t1JAX OA); Three Represents (~ IM-M); rule by virtue (1i1); laid-off workers (TliIA); two-hundred policy ( (~one country, two systems ( ~1 IlJ); cross-strait relations etc. When discussing Chine se words and expressions, we will never fail to mention those idioms, mottos, proverbs and set phrases that carry unique Chinese culture. Some of them have the similar meanings to English idioms, mottos and proverbs, but when translated into English by applying English versions mechanically, they will be against the natural and original meanings of Chinese. In this situation the measure of loan translations or semantic shift can be adopted to translate Chinese idioms, mottos and proverbs. China English created by the way of loan translations or semantic shift can better retain the features and the detailed content of splendid Chinese civilizations. For example, to spend money like dirt (ii f) ; to draw a snake and add feet to it (i i , ); people mountains and people seas (A W ); like bamboo shoots after rain (C JA# ); seeking truth from facts (k *RE); no discord, no concord (4T7) x); one arrow, two hawks (- Mj~X),etc. All these set phrases and expressions in China English manifest c ultural activities of the different ages in human society of China. Actually, Chinese people have a preference for four-character phrases both in writing and conversation. The exis

animal rights :: essays research papers

Animal Rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is man without the beast? If the beast were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of spirit. For whatever happens to the beast soon happens to man† (Chief Seattle). While much has been done to protect animals, it is nowhere near what needs to be done to secure their inhabitance on earth and give them their rights. Animals have nerves so they can feel pain and they do suffer so is it right to put them through that by experimenting on them. Additionally if more of the world’s animals are not protected a lot more will be extinct in the coming years. Finally hunting, in almost all areas, is no longer a way to gain food as it used to be, it is now just done for pure sport or â€Å"funâ€Å". Should animals have to suffer just to benefit a single race of beings? And what does it feel like to be hunted down in terror and then torn apart while still alive?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main types of animals experimented on are monkeys, cats, dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, and small mammals. Numerous amounts of tests are carried out on these animals each year. Types of tests include acute toxicity test, chronic toxicity test, skin irritation tests, acute inhalation toxicity tests, psychology research, and weapons tests as listed by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals or PETA (PETA fact sheet 2). An acute toxicity test is where certain chemicals are force fed to an animal to find out the lethal dosage. Chronic toxicity test is to find out whether or not a chemical can be harmful in small dosages over a period of time. Skin irritation tests are carried out by placing a chemical on the bare skin of an animal and covering it with a plaster like material, at which point the animals are restrained. Acute inhalation toxicity tests uses aerosol products to test its effect on an animals lungs animals are killed afterwards to check the effect on its tissues. Psychology research are pointless tests that determine the obvious, like effects of shocking, mutilation, drug abuse, etc. Weapons tests, the testing of weapons like radiation, lasers, and chemicals to find out what effect they would have on humans, are inhuman and very harmful to the animal (PETA fact sheet 2). With all of this pain and suffering not much good comes out of animals testing.

Foodborne Illness Essay -- Food Illness Health Medical Essays

Foodborne Illness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food borne illnesses are caused by consuming contaminated foods or beverages. There are many different disease-causing microbes, or pathogens. In addition, poisonous chemicals, or other harmful substances can cause food borne illnesses if they are present in food. More than two hundred and fifty different food borne illnesses have been described; almost all of these illnesses are infections. They are caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can be food borne. (Center 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food safety is an increasingly important public health issue. Governments all over the world are intensifying their efforts to improve food safety. Food borne illnesses are diseases, usually either infectious or toxic in nature, caused by agents that enter the body through the ingestion of food. â€Å"In industrialized countries, the percentage of people suffering from food borne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In the United States of America, for example, around 76 million cases of food borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, are estimated to occur each year.† (Geneva 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli 0157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also know as the Norwalk viruses. â€Å"Thousands of types of bacteria are naturally present in our environment, but not all bacteria cause disease in humans.† (Schmutz 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Campylobacter is a bacterial pathogen that causes fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. It is the commonly identified bacterial cause of diarrhea illness in the world. These bacteria live in the intestines of birds, and most raw poultry meat has the bacteria in it. Eating undercooked chicken or other food that has been contaminated with the juices dripping from raw chicken is the most frequent source of this particular infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salmonella is also a bacterium that is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals. It can spread to the human species a variety of different ways; through foods or animal origins. Some examples of food involved in outbreaks are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. The illnesses it causes are typically fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In people with poor underlying health or weakened immune... ... the time out to inspect the food you are grabbing. Make sure dates are current, the color is normal, the temperature is normal, and it was properly prepared (washed or cooked). A college student could become very sick or even die from a small mistake. Students need to be cautious with their busy lives. Work Cited Archuleta, M. (n.d), Keeping Food Safe. Guide E-508, pp. 1-11, 10/7/2003, www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_e/e-508.html Bogart, Carol. Kids hospitalized, festival cancelled in wake of E. coli outbreak at Wyandot County Fair. 6 October 2001 http://www.oweb.com/Advertiser-Tribune/text/N100601a.html Center for Disease Control, Food borne illness. 3 September 2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cdc.gov/nicidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections_g.htm â€Å"FDA Sees Surge In Food Poisoning Dietary changes, imports cause risk.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  San Francisco Chronicle 18 March 2001: A8. Geneva, Sue. Food Safety and Food borne Illness. 25 January 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact237.html Greene, Alan. Food Poisoning. Dr. Greene.com. 7 August 2002 . Schmutz, P.H. Food borne Illness: Prevention Strategies. 2 February 1999   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/HGIC3620.htm

inaugural address Essay -- essays research papers

On Thursday January 20th 2005, President Bush delivered his second inaugural address after being sworn in for his second term. In his address Bush promised to keep his word and fulfill his duty as president of the United States. These duties have not been upheld according to the numerous protestors who showed up at his Inauguration. In his Inaugural Address Bush discussed many things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The inaugural address was a speech which would reassure the American people that President Bush will lead us to victory. In the Address Bush promises to fulfill the oath that he has sworn. He said â€Å" The survival of liberty in our land increasingly depends on the success of liberty in other lands The best hope for peace in our is the expansion of freedom in all the world† (www.cnn.com). This meant that in order to maintain peace and freedom we must help the countries who suffer in dictatorship and terrorism. Peace and freedom are America’s vital interests. Every person in this world is said to have equal rights. â€Å" No one deserves to be a slave† said Bush (www.cnn.com). The address says that the United States policy is to support the growth of democratic movements. Bush also said that he will tighten security. The government is working to improve security tactics and make sure its is strong and effective. Bush will make clear to other nations the choice between oppression and freedom. He said that the people do not and will not be â€Å"bullied†. He wants them to stand fo...

Marketing Mcqs Essay

In Toronto, Black and Decker has granted nine distributors the rights to carry its products. It hopes customers will seek out the Black and Decker products. Black and Decker uses which of the following type of distribution? Answercentralized exclusive demand-pull selective 1 points Question 2 Managers typically follow five steps in the decision-making process. Which of the following steps is first? AnswerEvaluate the strengths and weaknesses of potential decisions. Gather information. Recognize or define the problem or opportunity. Establish a budget. 1 points Question 3 According to which of the following should a firm first identify consumer needs and then produce the goods and services that will satisfy them? Answerthe total exchange concept the market mission statement the marketing concept the sales concept 1 points Question 4 The CBC is experiencing poorer ratings during the new fall season than anticipated because of the decreasing number of younger people. Many experts in the entertainment industry believe that the audience for programming on the CBC network is people over the age of 55 in spite of claims by executives that its programming is designed to reach a younger, less conservative audience. Which of the following statements correctly describes this situation? AnswerCBC does not have a target market. The target market for CBC is people over the age of 55. CBC does not need a target market because other television networks succeed without one. CBC is efficiently reaching its self-defined target market 1 points Question 5 Which of the following is an expense item for an independent bookstore? Answerorder forms the building in which store is located book shelves display cabinet for first editions 1 points Question 6 What is the relatively small group of managers at the head of an organization that establishes overall strategy and long-range goals? Answerfunctional management supervisory management top management middle management 1 points Question 7 Gillette decided to plant a tiny computer chip in its products’ packages to attempt to revolutionize how its inventory was managed. Which of the following management functions would be used to achieve its goal of greater efficiency? Answercontrolling staffing organizing planning 1 points Question 8 A person who works as a sales representative for a manufacturer or wholesaler and gets paid a commission on any sales is known as which of the following? Answermerchant wholesaler broker agent merchandiser 1 points Question 9 Which of the following is an example of an individual factor that influences the consumer decision-making process? Answerpersonality neighbourhood opinion leaders family 1 points Question 10 What is a basic form of market segmentation that uses variables such as age, education, and income? Answerbenefit segmentation demographic segmentation population segmentation psychographic segmentation

Iraq War Essay

The past wars among many sovereign countries were caused not only by misunderstanding and miscommunication. Political leaders usually have a set of premature agenda hidden from the public: agenda that seek good fruit from launching wars and political instability. Only one thing is certain: these wars, with their premature agenda, do more damage than what is intended. Invasion of Iraq: Its Positive Side   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though majority of the polls in the United States produce same results and arguments about the negative reputation of the country, it is yet empirically verified (). Poll surveys may give a view of a certain population upon an issue and from there generalizations are being made. These generalizations (based from poll surveys) cannot be the sole justification of America’s reputation because of the mere reason of its limited scope. Even if the poll surveys result to the belief that America’s reputation is damaged, empirically it is still possible that it might not really be damaged.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the facts, some known statesman and scholars believed that US position and reputation had certainly improved after four years of occupation of the Iraqi land. The relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia was stained before the US invasion of Iraq. Prince Saud of Saudi Arabia expressed that if an attack on Iraq was sanctioned by the UN Security Council, it would not be classified as an act of aggression. He noted, â€Å"So we are ardently urging the United States to continue to work with the United Nations and not to create an act of individual aggression, of individually taking charge of the duties of the Security Council† (Saudis warn US over Iraq War, 2003:1). This stained relationship of the United States and Saudi Arabia had changed after four years of occupation of Iraq by the US. Saudi Arabia supported the United States of its call for rebuilding the lives of the Iraqi people and the country as a whole under a democratic government. A diplomat from Saudi Arabia who came to the White House last August said that Saudi is willing to cooperate with the United States with its genuine effort to rebuild Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not so distant that other countries in the world supported the call of the United States in rebuilding Iraq. The Philippines and Lebanon were the first countries to accept the challenge of helping Iraq to rebuild itself.   Lebanon said that Saddam Hussein’s regime had killed thousand innocent people during his course of his rule. Hosni Mubarak, Egypt’s President said that their country will send military and medical missions that will enormously help Iraq in its rebuilding process. He also promised that the government that will be established in Iraq will be given equal respect like any other sovereign country. Even though many countries had opposed the United States invasion of Iraq, they regain the respect of these countries. United States aim to rebuild Iraq had resulted to the support of multi-sectoral support of many countries. Japan, despite of the treat from North Korea promised to extend its help through Official Development Assistance to Iraq. Australia on the other hand, promised to allot a significant amount of its foreign budget for the Iraqi reconstruction. To sum up, all these promised help from many countries in the world is grounded on the notion that the United States’ effort to rebuild Iraq is genuine and based on the democratic principle of self-determination. The issue of continued occupation of the US troops in Iraq remains an open issue. Although this issue does not damage the image and credibility of the US government in other countries at recent times, it may in the near future. The rebuilding process of the Iraqi government must come into place for the self-determination of its right and sovereignty. In accordance with this, President Bush said, â€Å"The ultimate victory in Iraq, which is a government that can sustain itself, govern itself, and defend itself, depends upon the Iraqi citizens   and the Iraqi government doing the hard work to protect their country† (Reid, 2006, p.1). Bush maintained that the role of the United States is to support the effort of the Iraqi government in the attainment of that objective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Against War Itself   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Against the political machinations and demagoguery of the Bush government, the US-led invasion and eventual occupation of Iraq is unjustified. Most people in Western liberal countries see the US-led invasion of Iraq as morally and politically unjustified. Added to that, there is also wide belief that the Bush government used the â€Å"existence† of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq to launch its war. Bush’s justification of declaring war in Iraq was far from justified. The US military failed to find any weapons of mass destruction. Another justification of the US government is that Iraq can not be able to work things out their own way. They believed that the only chance for the Iraqi government to exercise democracy is to let the US led and rebuild them. In the short run, some people identified the war against Iraq as a desperate move of the US government to overthrow Saddam Hussien’s regime. In the long run, however, it seems that the war created undesirable consequences. The continued occupation of Iraq by the United States is the one referred to as long run. Retired Lieutenant General William Odom, a professor at the Yale University said, â€Å"A rapid reversal of our present situation in Iraq would improve U.S. credibility around the world† (Odom, 2007:4). According to Odom, US forces in Iraq are already caught in a trap that has damaged America’s reputation (Odom, 2007:1). He argued that the invasion is unnecessary given the justifications and reasons the US government had presented. He added that American public opinion is now justifiably against the continued war and occupation of Iraq. The search for a viable and abundant resource like oil was the reason the United States, in the face of a slowing economy, entered into war with Iraq. In England alone, citizen’s opinion on the war was negatively criticized. According to Odom, the red state citizens of England were not in favor of the war against Iraq and the eventual the domination of the country. These reasons, according to him, may give way to the possibility of withdrawal of US troops from Iraq and apparently will improve US credibility. This will allow the United States to reestablish diplomatic and military mobility. Odom mentioned the current Zogby poll which suggested that most US troops would favor an early withdrawal deadline (Odom, 2007:3). He further argued that setting an early date of withdrawal would improve the morale of the US troops in Iraq.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Washington Post released a recent poll which indicates that in the United States alone, most of the adult respondents find the government effort in Iraq vital and certainly giving the United States a negative reputation (Reid, 2006:1). Out of all the respondents, seventy percent believe that the war in Iraq was a major factor in the negative image the United States is facing. Moreover, forty-eight percent of the respondents think that the US government failed to improve the lives of Iraqi people. The opposition of the West had a decisive effect on the result of the survey. In defiance of the opinion of the United Nations Security Council, President George Bush forced his decision to attack Iraq. The war against Iraq caused the death of at least 2,803 American soldiers during its military and naval operations.    Philosophically, the war against Iraq is unjustified in the world of constitutional liberty. Any war can do no good between the involved countries. The people of an occupied country will not accept any compromise of their sovereignty.   The damage that the war may yield is immeasurable and cruel to the eyes of an observer. The history of wars repeatedly resulted to deaths of millions of innocent people. Moreover, the invasion of Iraq is evidence that the US, a superpower, can conquer and take charge of any sovereign country that does not share its ideology. In the case of Iraq, US may use the invasion of Iraq as an alibi to acquire the Iraqi oil. Added to that, the Iraq war and the continued occupation of the US troops are not justifiable because of the damaging effects to the Iraqi nation. Some examples of these are: 1) the abuse of the human rights, 2) the depletion of resources for the benefit of the US, and 3) the continued domination of the US in the oil industry. The continued occupation of Iraq must be stop for many logical reasons. These reasons are the Iraqi resistance, the military itself and the large number of opposition of people in the United States (due to the lack of financial support to many disasters in the United States. Logically, the invasion of Iraq and the continued occupation by the US troops should be withdrawn. From the above evidences of the unjustified war and occupation of Iraq, People might say â€Å"Let the people of Iraq determine their self and future†. In addition, Iraq like any other country has the right to rebuild itself. In this way they will regain their confidence and self- determination. Finally, Iraq’s freedom should not be determined by any other country (even US). The true liberty dwells on the heart and minds of the Iraqi people.

Courtroom Participants Professional Standards Essay

For the purpose of this paper I will be discussing the questions posed in the course syllabus by my professor: * Prosecutorial Misconduct   * Prosecutorial misconduct is best described as illegal acts utilized by a prosecutor to persuade a jury to wrongly convict an individual accused of a crime or securing a severe sentence that may not be justified towards the actual crime. Often times there are occurrences of individuals that are wrongfully convicted, many of these individuals are incarcerated for extended periods of time before their cases are even heard or brought before a jury. * Ineffective assistance by criminal counsel An attorney providing ineffective assistance can be considered as those occurrences when the service provided by an attorney to a defendant proves to be ineffective and in doing so, would be a violation of the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution. Ineffective assistance of counsel is defined in the Supreme Court’s ruling surrounding the landmark case of Strickland v. Washington (1984). In order for a defendant to prove ineffective assistance, the individual would first have to provide proof that demonstrates that his counsel’s performance was inefficient due to the attorney make a large number of errors. Secondly, the defendant must demonstrate that the attorney’s errors directly impacted the defendant’s case prejudicially. In this instance prejudice takes on the meaning of†¦.the trial would have resulted in a different outcome it not for the fact of the attorney’s errors resulting in the sentencing be affected. * Judicial misconduct Judicial misconduct refers to the judge’s conduct and the fact that they are constantly in the view of the public, so they are held to a higher standard in the area of respecting the individuals they interact with on a daily basis as well as all defendants that appear before them in court. * Real life stories My real life story on prosecutorial misconduct focuses on the case of Raymond Towler, who was convicted on the charge of rape of an eleven year old girl and completed 30 years of a sentenced life sentence trying to convince the courts of his innocence. Assistant District Attorney Bill Mason motto of â€Å"win no matter what† resulted in him eliciting testimony that he knew, or had been advised was in accurate. Mason interviewed a police detective who stated in court that Towler never denied raping the eleven year old; however, notes written by the detective himself during his investigation supported Towler’s claims to not having raped the child. In responding to Mason’s questions, a police officer provided testimony that Towler had some form of an indecent communication with the child prior to the rape. Yet police records indicated that it was Chris Towler, Raymond’s brother, who had communication (which was appropriate) with the child. Even with a variety of inconsistencies present, a misled jury still convicted Towler. The mistake the prosecutor made was that he did not utilize sufficient evidence in the case or the fact that Towler wasn’t nowhere near the area or the fact that he never even came in contact with the child, physically or verbally. He also failed to utilize the statement taken by the officer concerning to it being Towler’s brother that was in the area where the act supposedly occurred and had the documented conversation with the child. Without these little pieces of evidence being presented Towler was sentence to life in prison and had spent 30 years incarcerated. How do you replace the time that individual lost? What form of immunity provides protection to the prosecutor pertaining to consequences of misconduct? By the guidelines set forth in the legal dictionary â€Å"Prosecutors are afforded totally immunity for any actions committed before a Grand Jury or a trial. However, while conducting the investigatory phase, only qualified immunity is granted to them. In the case of Kalina v. Fletcher, (1997), it was ruled by the United States Supreme Court that absolute immunity was not a right entitled to prosecutor in regards to his/her actions of allegedly submitting false statements of facts in an Affidavit supporting the application document for an arrest warrant. Consideration of policies regarding merited absolute immunity contains interest of both protection of the prosecutor of harassing litigation that would disrupt the required time or the attention allocated for official duties and the interest towards providing him/her the ability to utilize independent judgment pertaining to decisions on which suits to file and pursue in court. Another example of a real life story pertaining to judicial misconduct would be the case involving Samuel Kent, Mr. Kent served as a judge for over 18 years, but was now being sentenced to three years inside a federal prison for lying about inappropriate conduct towards his staff, of which two provided physic al evidence as to number of years they both endured various assaults by the judge who was for the most part intoxicated. The pattern of sexual misconduct directed at the judges co-workers along with constant violations of workplace intoxication are obvious wrongdoings committed by the judge. It is my opinion that performing elections would be better suited process for judicial selection due to its ability to allow the citizens to make their own choice as to who should represent them through the process of researching them first. While certainly recognizing these acts of misconducts occurring within our criminal justice system, how we propose deter criminal acts on the streets when it’s evident we can not deter it inside of our courts and legal system. Then when you factor in the occurrences of individuals being incarcerated and then being found innocent and having to be compensated through local and state funds that we other citizens are responsible for not to mention the lost of time these individuals lose from their life, friends, and family; which honestly begs the question how could any amount of money replace this time. In my opinion, we as a society really need to make ourselves more aware to the fact that these issues require addressing in our criminal justice system. We really need the accessibility of additional resources required to fill more jobs with truly qualified individuals versus our penchant for sacrificing ourselves to individuals with recognizable names or higher government officials who claim to have or best interest at heart when certain decisions they make appear to be the complete opposite. References Schmalleger, F., & Hall, D. E. (2010). Criminal Law Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Siegel, L. J., Schmalleger, F., & Worrall, J. L. (2011). Courts and Criminal Justice in America. Upper Saddle River, NJ. www.Lawlibrary.com http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/immunity

Easily Misunderstood Essay

How often have you found yourself talking to someone close to you, thinking the conversation is going along great when the other person reacts in an irritated manner? Or even an anxious manner? You think back to what you have said, reviewing your comments and nothing sticks out as being particularly bad. Well you have just experienced a misunderstanding. For many people, their communication skills with loved ones are not as strong as they think† (Anon. , 2011, p. 1). Communication is a two way street where both people need to be traveling the same direction. When one person gets off course or veers then we have a miscommunication. In the article entitled, â€Å"Close Relationships Sometimes Mask Poor Communication† study co-author Nicholas Epley, a professor of behavioral science at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, explained, â€Å"Our problem in communicating with friends and spouses is that we have an illusion of insight. Getting close to someone appears to create the illusion of understanding more than actual understanding† (as cited in Anon. , 2011, p. 1). I had just such a miscommunication take place tonight. â€Å"As social animals, we want and need connections with other people† (Soles, 2011, p. 22). Tonight I experienced a miscommunication with my family. We were planning to get together as we usually try to do on Monday nights, due to misunderstanding and miscommunication on everyone’s part we did not end up getting together. I wanted that connection to my family. So alas I write this paper about that very miscommunication instead. Our first mistake was trying to organize it through texting and two different people trying to coordinate it at the same time. That never works. Secondly, my mom assumed no one was going to show up so she made other plans before waiting for any of us to answer back. The only plus to the experience is she did let us know in time so we didn’t head to her house and accidentally show up when her friend did too. To avoid this type of miscommunication in the future we could talk on the phone or email everyone at one time. Also clarify when one thinks the response is in the negative and not the affirmative. If one of us is questioning an answer as iffy then ask the sender to clarify their response and not assume it is an automatic no. These days with all the social media, texting, emailing, etc. I find miscommunications to be more prevalent and more abundant. Many of us have had our feelings hurt by a simple misunderstanding or misspelling when receiving an electronic message. In my example from tonight there were too many veering cars on our road to communicating though luckily no collisions. Had we just communicated more openly and honestly not assuming anything we could have avoided the misunderstandings and any potential hurt feelings. Communication is a two way street but you both have to be going the same direction or it leads to miscommunication.

First World War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First World War - Essay Example However, the concept of Empire and Imperialism were strong driving factors for the First World War. The great powers of Europe wanted to expand and maintain their spheres of influence in Europe. The rise of nationalistic sentiments among the different ethnic populations led to the strengthening of imperial influence. For instance, Russia supported Serbia since both belong to the Slavic people. Being a foot soldier during this period of war can range from depressive to horrific. Since static trench warfare was the predominant strategy during this time, the soldiers on each side were either on the offensive or the defensive stance. It was usually a gruesome act for armies from each side to come out of the trenches for an offensive push just to be blasted by artillery or shredded by machine gun and rifle fire. Still, many soldiers were willing to do so out of either patriotic feelings or because of a great deal of imperial propaganda. Women took part in the war mainly as field medical aid or support units. The war ended with the defeat of the German and Austrian-Hungarian Empires against the British, American, and French. The Russians were forced out early from the war due to the rise of the Bolshevik communists. The Treaty of Versailles was passed to the humiliating detriment of both the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Both states lost their holdings and status as imperial powers, and their military capabilities reduced. The face of Europe changed after the First World War as the Balkan states that were under the Austro-Hungarian Empire became independent. Germany lost its imperial influence, while Russia became the Soviet Union after the communists took over the Tsarist

British Social Policy and the Second World War Essay

British Social Policy and the Second World War - Essay Example It was their belief that the government should be spending more time taking action than wasting its time on policy building. (Alcock, 2003, page 88) In 1942 Joseph Schumpeter proposed an idea that Britain's socialism was less ethically sound as compared to the rest of Europe's. He believed that the people did not consider social justice as an endowment but as their right. This in turn led the Britons to take an unappreciative approach to the policy makers and government as a whole. A couple of other reasons included that after the World War many people believed that they would soon lose their jobs and would emigrate to some other country such as South Africa. The state wished to build a sense of solidarity instead they were faced with a state of emergency. People believed that the government could have diverted the war and was ineffective in managing the state's affairs. The people took for granted society's business to support them when they were unemployed and to care for them in their old age. But observing the development of the English citizen's social rights it can be seen that this attitude had been prevailing since the 1 930s. An Example of a movement which signifies this phenomenon is the rebellion against the Unemployment Assistance Board in 1935. This signifies that the workers knew of their rights and what they deserved even before the war was on the horizon. So contributing the welfare movement to the war seems imprecise. (Glynn & Booth, 1996, pages 98-99). By 1939 the government had now undertaken the responsibility to keep peace throughout the state, provide protection to the people, provide for their education but now the added responsibility included providing economic welfare to all its citizens. This was harmful for the government as now they had to look after the actual deserving such as widows and retired citizens as well as the undeserving such as unemployed drunkards (Jacobs, 1993, page 46). The war helped implement military efficiency into the system of welfare but the system did exist even before the war. Many war time inventions became adapted into people's personal lives during that era. The transistor radio is one such gadget that became incorporated into people's households. Aside from the technical inventions, the social experiments also became popular in their implementation in everyday procedures. The medical profession benefited from the new techniques in managing the influx of patients and it became easier to manage large number of patients. Wars also recognize social weaknesses. Evacuating people from different regions of the country discovered potential transportation problems and terrible living conditions (Addison, 1975, page 32). Around 1940 Ernest Bevin proved to be a major influencer of the time. He was the Minister of Labour and most of his decisions were beneficial for the people working in the industrial sector. Recognizing how the people working should be given the proper atmosphere and work place environment he instigated many policies related to minimum wages in a step wise procedure implementing them in industry after industry. He believed that these measures would bring about a Social Revolution for the working class. But even he was unable to